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HISTORIC
Network Working Group C. Zhu
Request for Comments: 2190 Intel Corp.
Category: Standards Track September 1997
RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document specifies the payload format for encapsulating an H.263
bitstream in the Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP). Three modes are
defined for the H.263 payload header. An RTP packet can use one of
the three modes for H.263 video streams depending on the desired
network packet size and H.263 encoding options employed. The shortest
H.263 payload header (mode A) supports fragmentation at Group of
Block (GOB) boundaries. The long H.263 payload headers (mode B and C)
support fragmentation at Macroblock (MB) boundaries.
1. Introduction
This document describes a scheme to packetize an H.263 video stream
for transport using RTP [1]. H.263 video stream is defined by ITU-T
Recommendation H.263 (referred to as H.263 in this document) [4] for
video coding at very low data rates. RTP is defined by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) to provide end-to-end network transport
functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data over
multicast or unicast network services.
2. Definitions
The following definitions apply in this document:
CIF: Common Intermediate Format. For H.263, a CIF picture has 352 x
288 pixels for luminance, and 176 x 144 pixels for chrominance.
QCIF: Quarter CIF source format with 176 x 144 pixels for luminance
and 88 x 72 pixels for chrominance.
Sub-QCIF: picture source format with 128 x 96 pixels for luminance
and 64 x 48 pixels for chrominance.
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
4CIF: Picture source format with 704 x 576 pixels for luminance and
352 x 288 pixels for chrominance.
16CIF: Picture source format with 1408 x 1152 pixels for luminance
and 704 x 576 pixels for chrominance.
GOB: For H.263, a Group of Blocks (GOB) consists of k*16 lines,
where k depends on the picture format (k=1 for QCIF, CIF and sub-
QCIF; k=2 for 4CIF and k=4 for 16CIF).
MB: A macroblock (MB) contains four blocks of luminance and the
spatially corresponding two blocks of chrominance. Each block
consists of 8x8 pixels. For example, there are eleven MBs in a GOB in
QCIF format and twenty two MBs in a GOB in CIF format.
3. Design Issues for Packetizing H.263 Bitstreams
H.263 is based on the ITU-T Recommendation H.261 [2] (referred to as
H.261 in this document). Compared to H.261, H.263 employs similar
techniques to reduce both temporal and spatial redundancy, but there
are several major differences between the two algorithms that affect
the design of packetization schemes significantly. This section
summarizes those differences.
3.1 Optional Features of H.263
In addition to the basic source coding algorithms, H.263 supports
four negotiable coding options to improve performance: Advanced
Prediction, PB-frames, Syntax-based Arithmetic Coding, and
Unrestricted Motion Vectors. They can be used in any combination.
Advanced Prediction(AP): One or four motion vectors can be used for
some macroblocks in a frame. This feature makes recovery from packet
loss difficult, because more redundant information has to be
preserved at the beginning of a packet when fragmenting at a
macroblock boundary.
PB-frames: Two frames (a P frame and a B frame) are coded into one
bitstream with macroblocks from the two frames interleaved. From a
packetization point of view, a MB from the P frame and a MB from the
B frame must be treated together because each MB for the B frame is
coded based on the corresponding MB for the P frame. A means must be
provided to ensure proper rendering of two frames in the right order.
Also, if part of this combined bitstream is lost, it will affect both
frames, and possibly more.
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
Syntax-based Arithmetic Coding (SAC): When the SAC option is used,
the resultant run-value pair after quantization of Discrete Cosine
Transform (DCT) coefficients will be coded differently from Huffman
codes, but the macroblock hierarchy will be preserved. Since context
variables are only synchronized after fixed length codes in the
bitstream, any fragmentation starting at variable length codes will
result in difficulty in decoding in the presence of packet loss
without carrying the values of all the context variables in each
H.263 payload header.
The Unrestricted motion vectors feature allows large range of motion
vectors to improve performance of motion compensation for inter-coded
pictures. This option also affects packetization because it uses
larger range of motion vectors than normal.
To enable proper decoding of packets received, without dependency on
previous packets, the use of these optional features is signaled in
the H.263 payload header, as described in Section 5.
3.2 GOB Numbering
In H.263, each picture is divided into groups of blocks (GOB). GOBs
are numbered according to a vertical scan of a picture, starting with
the top GOB and ending with the bottom GOB. In contrast, a GOB in
H.261 is composed of three rows of 16x16 MB for QCIF, and three
half-rows of MBs for CIF. A GOB is divided into macroblocks in H.263
and the definition of the macroblocks are the same as in H.261.
Each GOB in H.263 can have a fixed GOB header, but the use of the
header is optional. If the GOB header is present, it may or may not
start on a byte boundary. Byte alignment can be achieved by proper
bit stuffing by the encoder, but it is not required by the H.263
bitstream specification [4].
In summary, a GOB in H.263 is defined and coded with finer
granularity but with the same source format, resulting in more
flexibility for packetization than with H.261.
3.3 Motion Vector Encoding
Differential coding is used to code motion vectors as variable length
codes. Unlike in H.261, where each motion vector is predicted from
the previous MB in the GOB, H.263 employs a more flexible prediction
scheme, where one or three candidate predictors could be used
depending on the presence of GOB headers.
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
If the GOB header is present in a GOB, motion vectors are coded with
reference to MBs in the current GOB only. If a GOB header is not
present in the current GOB, three motion vectors must be available to
decode one macroblock, where two of them might come from the previous
GOB. To correctly decode a whole inter-coded GOB, all the motion
vectors for MBs in the previous GOB must be available to compute the
predictors or the predictors themselves must be present. The optional
use of three motion vector predictors can be a major problem for a
packetization scheme like the one defined for H.261 when packetizing
at MB boundaries [5].
Consider the case that a packet starts with a MB but the GOB header
is not present. If the previous packet is lost, then all the motion
vectors needed to predict the motion vectors for the MBs in the
current GOB are not available. In order to decode the received MBs
correctly, all the motion vectors for the previous GOB or the motion
vector predictors would have to be duplicated at the beginning of the
packet. This kind of duplication would be very expensive and
unacceptable in terms of bandwidth overhead.
The encoding strategy of each H.263 CODEC (CODer and DECoder)
implementation is beyond the scope of this document, even though it
has significant effect on visual quality in the presence of packet
loss. However, we strongly recommend use of the GOB header for every
GOB at the beginning of a packet to address this problem.
Similar problems exist because of cross-GOB data dependency related
to motion vectors, but they can not be addressed by using the GOB
header. For 16CIF and 4CIF pictures, a GOB contains more than one row
of MBs. If a GOB can not fit in one RTP packet, and the first packet
containing the GOB header is lost, then MBs in the second packet can
not compute motion vectors correctly, because they are coded relative
to data in the lost packet. Similarly, when OBMC (Overlapped Block
Motion Compensation) [4] in Advanced Prediction mode is used, motion
compensation for some MBs in one GOB could use motion vectors of MBs
in previous GOB regardless of the presence of GOB header. When MBs
that are used to decode received MBs are lost, those received MBs can
not be decoded correctly. Each implementation of the method described
in this document should take these limitations into account.
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
3.4 Macroblock Address
As specified by H.261, a macroblock address (MBA) is encoded with a
variable length code to indicate the position of a macroblock within
a group of MBs in H.261 bitstreams. H.263 does not code the MBA
explicitly, but the macroblock address within a GOB is necessary to
recover from packet loss when fragmenting at MB boundaries.
Therefore, this information must be included in the H.263 payload
header for modes (mode B and mode C as described in Section 5) that
allow packetization at MB boundaries.
4. Usage of RTP
When transmitting H.263 video streams over the Internet, the output
of the encoder can be packetized directly. For every video frame, the
H.263 bitstream itself is carried in the RTP payload without
alteration, including the picture start code, the entire picture
header, in addition to any fixed length codes and variable length
codes. In addition, the output of the encoder is packetized without
adding the framing information specified by H.223 [6]. Therefore
multiplexing audio and video signals in the same packet is not
accommodated, as UDP and RTP provide a much more efficient way to
achieve multiplexing.
RTP does not guarantee a reliable and orderly data delivery service,
so a packet might get lost in the network. To achieve a best-effort
recovery from packet loss, the decoder needs assistance to proceed
with decoding of other packets that are received. Thus it is
desirable to be able to process each packet independent of other
packets. Some frame level information is included in each packet,
such as source format and flags for optional features to assist the
decoder in operating correctly and efficiently in presence of packet
loss. The flags for H.263 optional features also provide information
about coding options used in H.263 video bitstreams that can be used
by session management tools.
H.263 video bitstreams will be carried as payload data within RTP
packets. A new H.263 payload header is defined in section 5 on the
H.263 payload header. This section defines the usage of RTP fixed
header and H.263 video packet structure.
4.1 RTP Header Usage
Each RTP packet starts with a fixed RTP header [1]. The following
fields of the RTP fixed header are used for H.263 video streams:
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
Marker bit (M bit): The Marker bit of the RTP fixed header is set to
1 when the current packet carries the end of current frame; set to 0
otherwise.
Payload Type (PT): The Payload Type shall specify H.263 video payload
format using the value specified by the RTP profile in use, for
example RFC 1890 [3].
Timestamp: The RTP timestamp encodes the sampling instant of the
video frame contained in the RTP data packet. The RTP timestamp may
be the same on successive packets if a video frame occupies more
than one packet. For H.263 video streams, the RTP timestamp is based
on a 90 kHz clock, the same as the RTP timestamp for H.261 video
streams [5].
4.2 Video Packet Structure
For each RTP packet, the RTP fixed header is followed by the H.263
payload header, which is followed by the standard H.263 compressed
bitstream [4].
The size of the H.263 payload header is variable depending on modes
used as detailed in the next section. The layout of an RTP H.263
video packet is shown as:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| RTP header |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| H.263 payload header |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| H.263 bitstream |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
5. H.263 Payload Header
For H.263 video streams, each RTP packet carries only one H.263 video
packet. The H.263 payload header is always present for each H.263
video packet.
Three formats (mode A, mode B and mode C) are defined for H.263
payload header. In mode A, an H.263 payload header of four bytes is
present before actual compressed H.263 video bitstream in a packet.
It allows fragmentation at GOB boundaries. In mode B, an eight byte
H.263 payload header is used and each packet starts at MB boundaries
without the PB-frames option. Finally, a twelve byte H.263 payload
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
header is defined in mode C to support fragmentation at MB boundaries
for frames that are coded with the PB-frames option.
The mode of each H.263 payload header is indicated by the F and P
fields in the header. Packets of different modes can be intermixed.
All client application are required to be able to receive packets in
any mode, but decoding of mode C packets is optional because the PB-
frames feature is optional.
In this section, the H.263 payload format is shown as rows of 32-bit
words. Each word is transmitted in network byte order. Whenever a
field represents a numeric value, the most significant bit is at the
left of the field.
5.1 Mode A
In this mode, an H.263 bitstream will be packetized on a GOB boundary
or a picture boundary. Mode A packets always start with the H.263
picture start code [4] or a GOB, but do not necessarily contain
complete GOBs. Four bytes are used for the mode A H.263 payload
header. The H.263 payload header definition for mode A is shown as
follows with F=0. Mode A packets are allowed to start at a GOB
boundary even if no GOB header is present in the bitstream for the
GOB. However, such use is discouraged due to the dependencies it
creates across GOB boundaries, as described in Section 3.3.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F|P|SBIT |EBIT | SRC |I|U|S|A|R |DBQ| TRB | TR |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
F: 1 bit
The flag bit indicates the mode of the payload header. F=0, mode A;
F=1, mode B or mode C depending on P bit defined below.
P: 1 bit
Optional PB-frames mode as defined by the H.263 [4]. "0" implies
normal I or P frame, "1" PB-frames. When F=1, P also indicates modes:
mode B if P=0, mode C if P=1.
SBIT: 3 bits
Start bit position specifies number of most significant bits that
shall be ignored in the first data byte.
EBIT: 3 bits
End bit position specifies number of least significant bits that
shall be ignored in the last data byte.
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
SRC : 3 bits
Source format, bit 6,7 and 8 in PTYPE defined by H.263 [4], specifies
the resolution of the current picture.
I: 1 bit.
Picture coding type, bit 9 in PTYPE defined by H.263[4], "0" is
intra-coded, "1" is inter-coded.
U: 1 bit
Set to 1 if the Unrestricted Motion Vector option, bit 10 in PTYPE
defined by H.263 [4] was set to 1 in the current picture header,
otherwise 0.
S: 1 bit
Set to 1 if the Syntax-based Arithmetic Coding option, bit 11 in
PTYPE defined by the H.263 [4] was set to 1 for current picture
header, otherwise 0.
A: 1 bit
Set to 1 if the Advanced Prediction option, bit 12 in PTYPE defined
by H.263 [4] was set to 1 for current picutre header, otherwise 0.
R: 4 bits
Reserved, must be set to zero.
DBQ: 2 bits
Differential quantization parameter used to calculate quantizer for
the B frame based on quantizer for the P frame, when PB-frames option
is used. The value should be the same as DBQUANT defined by H.263
[4]. Set to zero if PB-frames option is not used.
TRB: 3 bits
Temporal Reference for the B frame as defined by H.263 [4]. Set to
zero if PB-frames option is not used.
TR: 8 bits
Temporal Reference for the P frame as defined by H.263 [4]. Set to
zero if the PB-frames option is not used.
5.2 Mode B
In this mode, an H.263 bitstream can be fragmented at MB boundaries.
Whenever a packet starts at a MB boundary, this mode shall be used
without PB-frames option. Mode B packets are intended for a GOB whose
size is larger than the maximum packet size allowed in the underlying
protocol, thus making it impossible to fit one or more complete GOBs
in a packet. This mode can only be used without the PB-frames option.
Mode C as defined in the next section can be used to fragment H.263
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
bitstreams at MB boundaries with the PB-frames option. The H.263
payload header definition for mode B is shown as follows with F=1 and
P=0:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F|P|SBIT |EBIT | SRC | QUANT | GOBN | MBA |R |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|I|U|S|A| HMV1 | VMV1 | HMV2 | VMV2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The following fields are defined the same as in mode A: F, P, SBIT,
EBIT, SRC, I, U, S and A. Other fields are defined as follows:
QUANT: 5 bits
Quantization value for the first MB coded at the starting of the
packet. Set to 0 if the packet begins with a GOB header. This is the
equivalent of GQUANT defined by the H.263 [4].
GOBN: 5 bits
GOB number in effect at the start of the packet. GOB number is
specified differently for different resolutions. See H.263 [4] for
details.
MBA: 9 bits
The address within the GOB of the first MB in the packet, counting
from zero in scan order. For example, the third MB in any GOB is
given MBA = 2.
HMV1, VMV1: 7 bits each.
Horizontal and vertical motion vector predictors for the first MB in
this packet [4]. When four motion vectors are used for current MB
with advanced prediction option, these would be the motion vector
predictors for block number 1 in the MB. Each 7 bits field encodes a
motion vector predictor in half pixel resolution as a 2's complement
number.
HMV2, VMV2: 7 bits each.
Horizontal and vertical motion vector predictors for block number 3
in the first MB in this packet when four motion vectors are used with
the advanced prediction option. This is needed because block number 3
in the MB needs different motion vector predictors from other blocks
in the MB. These two fields are not used when the MB only has one
motion vector. See the H.263 [4] for block organization in a
macroblock. Each 7 bits field encodes a motion vector predictor in
half pixel resolution as a 2's complement number.
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
R : 2 bits
Reserved, must be set to zero.
5.3 Mode C
In this mode, an H.263 bitstream is fragmented at MB boundaries of P
frames with the PB-frames option. It is intended for those GOBs whose
sizes are larger than the maximum packet size allowed in the
underlying protocol when PB-frames option is used. The H.263 payload
header definition for mode C is shown as follows with F=1 and P=1:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|F|P|SBIT |EBIT | SRC | QUANT | GOBN | MBA |R |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|I|U|S|A| HMV1 | VMV1 | HMV2 | VMV2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| RR |DBQ| TRB | TR |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
The following fields are defined the same as in mode B: F, P, SBIT,
EBIT, SRC, QUANT, GOBN, MBA, R, I, U, S, A, HMV1, VMV1, HMV2, VMV2.
The rest of the fields (TR, DBQ, TRB) are defined the same as in mode
A, except field RR. The RR field takes 19 bits, and is currently
reserved. It must be set to zero.
5.4 Selection of Modes for the H.263 Payload Header
Packets carrying H.263 video streams with different modes can be
intermixed. The modes shall be selected carefully based on network
packet size, H.263 coding options and underlying network protocols.
More specifically, mode A shall be used for packets starting with a
GOB or the H.263 picture start code [4], and mode B or C shall be
used whenever a packet has to start at a MB boundary. Mode B or C are
necessary for those GOBs with sizes larger than network packet size.
We strongly recommend use of mode A whenever possible. The major
advantage of mode A over mode B and C is its simplicity. The H.263
payload header is smaller than mode B and C. Transmission overhead is
reduced and the savings may be very significant when working with
very low data rates or relatively small packet sizes.
Another advantage of mode A is that it simplifies error recovery in
the presence of packet loss. The internal state of a decoder can be
recovered at GOB boundaries instead of having to synchronize with MBs
as in mode B and C. The GOB headers and the picture start code are
easy to identify, and their presence will normally cause a H.263
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
decoder to re-synchronize its internal states.
Finally, we would like to stress that recovery from packet loss
depends on a decoder's ability to use the information provided in the
H.263 payload header within RTP packets.
6. Limitations
The packetization method described in this document applies to the
1996 version of H.263. It may not be applicable to bitstreams with
features added after that.
Security Considerations
Security issues are addressed by RTP [1]. This memo does not bring
up any additional security issues.
7. Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the following people for their
valuable comments: Linda S. Cline, Christian Maciocco, Mojy
Mirashrafi, Phillip Lantz, Steve Casner, Gary Sullivan, and Sassan
Pejhan.
8. References
[1] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson,
"RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 1889,
January 1996.
[2] International Telecommunication Union.
Video Codec for Audiovisual Services at p x 64 kbits/s,
ITU-T Recommendation H.261, 1993.
[3] Schulzrinne, H.,
"RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conference with Minimal
Control", RFC 1890,
January 1996.
[4] International Telecommunication Union.
Video Coding for Low Bitrate Communication, ITU-T Recommendation
H.263, 1996
[5] Turletti, T., and C. Huitema,
"RTP Payload Format for H.261 Video Streams", RFC 2032,
October 1996.
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RFC 2190 RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams September 1997
[6] International Telecommunication Union.
Multiplexing Protocol for Low Bitrate Multimedia Communication,
ITU-T Recommendation H.223, 1995.
7. Author's Address
C. "Chad" Zhu
Mail Stop: JF3-202
Intel Corporation
2111 N.E. 25th Avenue
Hillsboro, OR 97124
USA
EMail: czhu@ibeam.intel.com
Phone: (503) 264-6008
Fax: (503) 264-1805
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